PUBLISHED WORK
* Publication co-authored with a doctoral student mentee.
Santos, T., Franz, B., Cronin, C., Singh, S, Yeager, V.A., Burns, A. Not-For-Profit Hospital Compliance with Community Health Needs Assessment Requirements and Association With Community Benefit Spending. Accepted.
*Mouslim, M.; McCullough, J.S.; Santos, T. Endowment Distribution in U.S. Not-For-Profit Hospitals from 2018-2022. The American Journal of Managed Care. Accepted
Cronin, C., McNeill, E., Santos, T., Owsley, K., Puro, N., Singh, S. Subsidizing Access: How Rural Hospitals Allocate Community Benefit in The Face of Financial Constraints. The Journal of Rural Health. Accepted
*Santos, T., Ahmed, N., Young, G. Not-For-Profit Hospital Patient Financial Assistance and Alignment with Community Need: A National Study. (2026) Health Affairs.
Santos, T., Cronin, C., Berkeley, F., Singh, S., Burns, A., Yaeger, V. A. Assessing the Implementation of the Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefit Program: 15 Years Post-Affordable Care Act. (2026) Annual Review of Public Health
Garber, J., Santos, T., Cronin, C., Serino, N. Improving hospital accountability and public health through CHNAudits. (2026) Health Affairs Forefront
*Santos, T.; Perrone, J.; Franz, B; Cronin, C; and Mouslim, M. Not-For-Profit Hospital Prioritization of Opioid Use Disorder and Self-Pay Prices For Medications Prescribed for OUD. (2026) Journal of Public Health Management & Practice
Goodman, C.; Santos, T.; Jacobs, M.; and Cronin, C. Do Tax-Exempt Hospitals Improve Charity Care Based on Their Community Health Needs Assessments? (2026) Journal of General Internal Medicine
Santos, T.; Lindrooth, R.; Young, G.J.; Lee, S.D. Financial Assistance Policy, Hospital Charity Care, and Medical Debt in Collections. (2026) JAMA Network Open
Owsley, K.; Santos, T.; Hamer, M. Protecting Patients in the U.S. from the Financial Burden of Cancer Immunotherapy: What Can Be Done? (2026) Immunotherapy (Invited Editorial)
*Burns, A.; Kim, B.; Cronin, C.; He, H.; Santos, T. National compliance with community engagement in nonprofit hospital community benefit activities. (2026) JAMA Network Open
Singh, S.; Santos, T.; Puro, N.; Cronin, C. Association between comprehensiveness of nonprofit hospitals’ health equity strategies and their community benefit spending. (2026) Journal of Public Health Management & Practice
*Olin, S; Owsley, K.; Stoecker, C.; Santos, T. Long-Term Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Not-for-Profit Hospital Community Benefit Spending in the Southern US. (2025) Medical Care
Santos, T.; Lindrooth, R.C.; Owsley, K; Lee, S.D.; Young, G. J. Oregon Community Benefit Reform Influenced Not-For-Profit Hospital Charity Care and Medical Debt Write-Off. (2025) Health Affairs
Santos, T.; Young, G.; Lee, S.D.; Owsley, K. Oregon Not-for-Profit Hospital Community Benefit Policy: Trends in Community Benefit Spending. (2025) Healthcare
Owsley, K; Santos, T. Evaluating Not-For-Profit Hospital Community Benefit Spending: Transparency, Accountability, and Fair Share Spending. (2025) Medical Care (Invited Editorial)
Santos, T., Bergman, A., Smith-McLallen, A. Access to Mental Health and Substance Use Treatment in Comprehensive Primary Care Plus (2024). JAMA Network Open
Cronin, C.; Singh, S.; Burns, A.; Yeager, V.; Puro, N.; Santos, T.; Mathew, A.; Franz, B. Ohio Presents Opportunities for Understanding Hospital Alignment with Public Health Agencies on Community Health Assessments. (2024) Health Affairs
Santos, T., Young, G. Evolution of Hospitals’ Community Benefits: Addressing Social Determinants of Health through Investments in Housing Security (2024). Medical Care (Invited Editorial)
Rhodes, J., Santos, T., Young, G. Hospitals’ Uneven Recovery from the COVID-19 Pandemic (2023). Health Affairs Scholar
Rhodes, J.H.; Santos, T.; Young, G. (2023) The Early Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Hospital Finances. Journal of Healthcare Management
Santos, T.; Lindrooth, R.C. (2021) Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefits: Collaboration with Local Health Departments to Address the Drug Epidemic. Medical Care
Santos, T.; Shoou-Yih, D.L.; East, C.; Lindrooth, R.C. (2021) Can Collaboration Between Nonprofit Hospitals and Local Health Departments Influence Population Health Investments by Nonprofit Hospitals? Medical Care
Santos, T.; Singh, S.; Young, G. (2021) Medicaid Expansion and Hospitals’ Financial Status: National and State-Level Estimates using IRS and CMS data. 2011-2016. Medical Care Research and Review
Santos, T. (2020) Nonprofit Hospital Targeted Health Priorities and Collaboration with Local Health Departments in the First Round Post-ACA: A National Descriptive Study. Front. Public Health 8:88
Ramadan, O.; Santos, T.; Stoecker, J.B.; Belkin, N.; Rice, J.; Jackson, B.M.; Schneider, D.B.; Wang, G.J. (2022) The Differential Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Disparities in Outcomes Following Peripheral Vascular Intervention. Annals of Vascular Surgery
Da Silva, D. T.; Santos, T.; Petsis, D.; Mahajan, A.; Bonett, S.; Wood, S. (2022) Chlamydia trachomatis/Neisseria gonorrhea retesting among adolescents and young adults in a primary care network. 2014-2020. Journal of Adolescent Health
Santos, T. Hospital Collaboration with Local Health Departments on Community Health Improvement Activities: Is the Whole More Effective Than the Sum of Its Parts? (2020) Health Services Research – Special Issue (Abstract)
Johnson EK, Hardy R, Santos T, Leider JP, Lindrooth RC, Tung GJ. State Laws and Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefit Spending. J Public Health Manag Pract. 2019;25(4):E9-E17. doi:10.1097/PHH.0000000000000885
WORK UNDER REVIEW
*Santos, T., Olin, S., Lindrooth, R.C. Association of Statewide Presumptive Eligibility for Hospital Financial Assistance With Charity Care and Bad Debt. Revise and Resubmit.
*He, H., Burns, A., Cronin, C., Santos, T. Not-for-Profit Hospital Accountability through Community Engagement in Community Benefit Activities. Revise and Resubmit.
*Santos, T.; Li, S.; Thomas, C.; and Pamir, K. Alignment of Community Benefit Activities With State Health Priorities Among Louisiana Not-For-Profit Hospitals. (* MD mentee). Revise and Resubmit.
Goodman, C.W., Chalmers, K., Santos, T., Flanigan, A. Hospital Consolidation and Changes to Charity Care. Under Review.
Owsley, K., Santos, T. State-Level Community Benefit Laws and Not-For-Profit Hospitals’ Use of 340B Savings: A Longitudinal Analysis of U.S. Hospitals. Under Review.
WORK IN PROGRESS
Santos, T.; Lindrooth, R.; Young, G.J. Trends in Hospital Charity Care for Insured and Uninsured Patients in the United States.
Santos, T.; Young, G.J.; Lindrooth, R. High-Deductible Health Plans and Trends in Hospital Charity Care for Insured Patients.
Santos, T.; Young, G.J.; Lee, S.D.; Lindrooth, R. The Other Oregon Experiment: Not-For-Profit Hospital Community Benefit Spending Floors.
Santos, T., Cronin, C., Singh, S., Puro, N. Not-For-Profit Hospital Governance and Community Benefit Spending in Population Health.
*Mouslim, M., Santos, T. Not-For-Profit Hospital Endowment and Charity Care Provision: A National Study.
Santos, T., Young, G.J. Community Benefit Regulatory Framework: Learning from State Innovation.
Santos, T., Young, G.J., He, H., Lee., S.Y. Not-For-Profit Hospital Accountability: Conceptual Framework